ARCHITECTURE OF UZBEKISTAN IN THE LATE 19th AND EARLY 20th CENTURIES

Abstract

This article examines the formation, historical development, and transformation of architecture on the territory of Uzbekistan, with a particular focus on the processes that took place during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It highlights that architecture, which emerged at the earliest stages of human society, represents a complex sphere that encompasses not only construction technologies but also the cultural and spiritual life of the people, their socio-political views, and aesthetic principles. The article analyzes the influence of Russian architectural traditions from the late 19th century onward, the emergence of new types of industrial and public buildings, as well as the architectural features of structures erected in the cities of Fergana, Bukhara, Samarkand, Khiva, and Kokand. It further evaluates archaeological findings from Varakhsha, Afrasiab, Khalchayan, Toproqqala, Bolaliktepa, and other major sites, which include significant examples of architectural, sculptural, and applied art, and are considered important stages in the history of Uzbek architecture. The development of the architectural schools of Bukhara, Khorezm, and Kokand, their traditional styles, and the artistic-construction characteristics of monuments such as the Sitorai Mohi Khosa Palace, Muhammad Amin Khan Madrasah, and Hazrati Kalon Sohibzoda Madrasah are also explored. The article emphasizes the historical significance, stylistic diversity, and cultural value of Uzbekistan’s architectural heritage as an important legacy for future generations.